(1) Cov pa roj carbon; Qhov siab dua cov ntsiab lus carbon, qhov hardness ntawm cov hlau ntau dua, tab sis nws cov plasticity thiab toughness tsis zoo
(2) Sulfur; Nws yog ib qho teeb meem impurity nyob rau hauv steel. Cov hlau uas muaj cov ntsiab lus sulfur yog qhov ua rau tawg tawg thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm kub siab, feem ntau hu ua thermal brittleness
(3) Phosphorus; Nws tuaj yeem txo cov plasticity thiab toughness ntawm hlau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv qis kub, thiab qhov tshwm sim no hu ua txias brittleness. Nyob rau hauv high-zoo hlau, sulfur thiab phosphorus yuav tsum tau nruj me ntsis tswj. Txawm li cas los xij, los ntawm lwm qhov kev xav, cov pa roj carbon tsawg muaj cov sulfur thiab phosphorus ntau dua, uas tuaj yeem ua rau nws yooj yim los txiav thiab txhim kho cov machinability ntawm cov hlau.
(4) Manganese; Nws tuaj yeem txhim kho lub zog ntawm cov hlau, ua kom tsis muaj zog thiab tshem tawm qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov sulfur, thiab txhim kho cov hardenability ntawm steel. High alloy steel (high manganese steel) nrog cov ntsiab lus siab manganese muaj kev hnav zoo thiab lwm yam khoom siv lub cev
(5) Silicon; Nws tuaj yeem nce hardness ntawm steel, tab sis nws cov plasticity thiab toughness txo. Hlau siv rau hluav taws xob lub hom phiaj muaj qee qhov nyiaj ntawm silicon, uas tuaj yeem txhim kho nws cov khoom sib nqus mos
(6) Tungsten; Nws tuaj yeem txhim kho cov tawv tawv liab thiab thermal zog ntawm cov hlau, nrog rau txhim kho nws cov hnav tsis kam
(7) Chromium; Nws tuaj yeem txhim kho lub hardenability thiab hnav tsis kam ntawm steel, nrog rau nws cov corrosion kuj thiab oxidation kuj
(8) Zinc; Txhawm rau txhim kho corrosion kuj, cov kav hlau dav dav (dub kav) yog galvanized. Galvanized steel kav muab faib ua ob hom: kub-dip galvanized thiab galvanized steel. Cov txheej kub-dip galvanized yog tuab, thiab tus nqi ntawm galvanizing yog tsawg, uas yog vim li cas galvanized steel kav muaj.